4 posts tagged with "paper"

Abstract​

The emergence of autonomous software agents as primary actors in commercial transactions creates a structural integration problem: agents need to interact with thousands of independent merchants, each exposing heterogeneous APIs with incompatible schemas, inconsistent semantics, and varying reliability guarantees. Existing integration patterns — direct REST consumption, EDI, or bespoke connector libraries — scale as O(A × M) where A is the number of agents and M is the number of merchants. We identify this as the agent-merchant integration problem and propose capability surfaces as a mediating architectural pattern that reduces integration complexity to O(A + M).

A capability surface is a semantic contract layer that sits between a merchant's internal microservices and external agents. It exposes deterministic, versioned, discoverable operations with explicit input/output schemas and error semantics, enabling any compliant agent to transact with any compliant merchant without bespoke integration. We formalize the pattern, specify its required properties, and ground the analysis in a concrete three-party scenario (manufacturer, procurement agent, logistics provider) interacting across an open market without pre-built integrations.

We examine the Model Context Protocol (MCP) as a production-validated mechanism for expressing capability surfaces, and the Universal Commerce Protocol (UCP) as an early domain-specific vocabulary layer. We discuss open problems in contract governance, registry trust, and agent identity that the architecture does not yet resolve.

Abstract​

Autonomous software agents are increasingly executing commercial transactions on behalf of human principals — discovering suppliers, evaluating offers, and placing orders without human involvement at each decision point. This paper examines the human factors dimension of this transition: what changes when humans delegate purchasing authority to agents, how the cooperative structure of commerce changes when one or more parties to a transaction is a software system, and what oversight, accountability, and trust mechanisms are required for agent-mediated commerce to function within organizational contexts.

We analyze a three-party transaction scenario (human principal, procurement agent, manufacturer) to identify the moments of delegation, the accountability gaps that delegation creates, and the design requirements for capability surfaces — the architectural interface layer through which agents interact with merchants — that support rather than undermine human oversight. We argue that the technical architecture of agent-commerce systems encodes assumptions about human authority that deserve explicit examination, and that CSCW research has important contributions to make in designing systems where automation is a tool of human delegation rather than a replacement for human judgment.

Abstract​

Agent-mediated commerce — in which software agents autonomously discover suppliers, evaluate constraints, and execute transactions without human involvement at each step — is restructuring competitive dynamics in B2B markets. This paper analyzes the economic implications of this transition, identifying which traditional competitive advantages are durable in agent-evaluated markets and which erode, how the cost structure of supplier discovery changes, and what this means for the strategic positioning of manufacturers, distributors, and platform providers.

We argue that the transition to agent-mediated purchasing functions analogously to a market design change: it replaces attention-based competition (UX, SEO, merchandising) with operations-based competition (data completeness, interface reliability, fulfillment accuracy). This shift disproportionately favors organizations that have invested in operational excellence over those that have invested in human-attention capture. We further argue that capability surfaces — semantic contract layers enabling agent-to-merchant interaction without bespoke integrations — function as market infrastructure that reduces supplier discovery costs and changes the economics of direct manufacturer-to-buyer engagement.

Abstract​

The growth of autonomous software agents as commercial actors — buyers that discover suppliers, evaluate constraints, and execute transactions without human involvement — creates a practical interoperability problem: how should agents and merchants communicate when they have no prior relationship and no bespoke integration? This article presents a protocol stack perspective on the emerging answer: a layered architecture combining the Model Context Protocol (MCP) as a general capability mechanism, commerce-domain profiles as shared vocabularies, and capability registries as discovery infrastructure. We examine the stack's current state, its gaps, and the open engineering problems that the community must resolve to support agent-commerce at production scale.